Campaign 2000

Big Money Contributors to:
Phil Montgomery (R) - Assembly District 4

Contributions of $100 or more - January 1, 1999 through December 31, 2000

Date Contributor City Employer Amount
9/1/00 Ahlberg, Harold Irving, TX Cash Store $100
4/5/99 Armbrust, Nancy Green Bay, WI Schreiber Foods Inc $200
4/19/99 Atwell, Robert Green Bay, WI Associated Bank $100
11/15/99 Atwell, Robert Green Bay, WI Associated Bank $100
12/11/99 Backberg, Blaine Cottage Grove, MN Atrium Health Plan $100
9/27/00 Baer, FW De Pere, WI Paper Converting Machine Co $100
6/30/00 Baier, Scott Green Bay, WI Accountant $100
11/4/99 Barkmeier, John Appleton, WI No Employer Listed $100
9/8/00 Barrette, Bruce Peshtigo, WI Dentist $100
9/11/00 Barrette, Kim Marinette, WI TriCity Physical Therapy & Sports Medcn $200
5/26/00 Baumann, David Elm Grove, WI Miller Brewing $150
9/1/00 Benbow, Paula Green Bay, WI Chiropractic Health Centers $120
3/30/99 Bettiga, Mike Green Bay, WI Shopko Inc $200
7/3/00 Bettiga, Mike Green Bay, WI Shopko Inc $250
11/15/99 Betz, Mark De Pere, WI Packer City International Trucks $125
9/26/99 Borowski, Suzzanne Green Bay, WI Green Bay Packaging $100
4/19/99 Boyea, Steve Green Bay, WI Shopko Inc $100
8/9/00 Boyea, Steve Green Bay, WI Shopko Inc $250
4/16/99 Brawner, Rick Green Bay, WI No Employer Listed $100
9/1/00 Brooks, Lewis Waunakee, WI Brooks Tractor Inc $100
7/5/00 Burnham, Charlie De Pere, WI No Employer Listed $100
7/3/00 Bush, Carol Green Bay, WI Schreiber Foods Inc $250
4/5/99 Bush, Robert Green Bay, WI Schreiber Foods Inc $200
10/4/99 Bush, Robert Green Bay, WI Schreiber Foods Inc $200
12/15/99 Butcher, Tony Green Bay, WI Humana/Employers Health $100
3/25/99 Butz, John De Pere, WI Bay Towel/Royal Cleaners $200
11/7/99 Butz, John De Pere, WI Bay Towel/Royal Cleaners $50
7/5/00 Butz, John De Pere, WI Bay Towel/Royal Cleaners $200
9/13/00 Carr, Vicent Green Bay, WI No Employer Listed $100
12/15/99 Caywood, Kathy Waunakee, WI Humana/Employers Health $230
7/7/00 Chernick, Richard Green Bay, WI Camera Corner $200
9/12/99 Ciak, Kenneth Green Bay, WI American Express Property & Casualty $100
11/8/99 Conlon, HB De Pere, WI Associated Bank $100
7/5/00 Conlon, HB De Pere, WI Associated Bank $100
3/25/99 Conrardy, James De Pere, WI Park-West Pediatric Dental Assoc Ltd $200
3/31/99 Cuene, Kevin De Pere, WI Broadway Chevy/Olds $200
7/6/00 Cuene, Kevin De Pere, WI Broadway Chevy/Olds $250
11/4/00 Curran, James Green Bay, WI Banc One Corp $100
7/7/00 Dahlin, Alyce Green Bay, WI Nichols Paper Co $250
10/17/00 Dahlin, Alyce Green Bay, WI Nichols Paper Co $200
10/26/99 Dahlin, Bernard Green Bay, WI Nichols Paper Co $200
7/7/00 Dahlin, Bernard Green Bay, WI Nichols Paper Co $250
9/1/00 Davis, Allen Cincinnati, OH Check N Go $300
7/30/00 Dax, Kenneth Green Bay, WI Wisconsin Public Service Corp $50
10/23/00 Dax, Kenneth Green Bay, WI Wisconsin Public Service Corp $50
10/19/00 DeCaster, Doris Green Bay, WI No Employer Listed $100
11/11/99 DeCaster, Hobart Green Bay, WI No Employer Listed $100
7/27/00 Decaster, Hobart Green Bay, WI No Employer Listed $100
9/1/00 DeVries, Ryne Black River Falls, WI Black River Chiropractic Center $125
9/16/99 Dhein, Jere Green Bay, WI No Employer Listed $100
11/15/99 Dorsch, Peter Green Bay, WI Dorsch Ford $100
8/12/00 Ely, David Green Bay, WI No Employer Listed $100
12/18/99 Englund, Jane Middleton, WI Madison Public Schools $100
10/9/00 Ericson, James Milwaukee, WI Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance $100
10/5/00 Fabry, John Green Bay, WI Saranac Glove $200
5/3/00 Farren, Paul Lindenhurst, IL Fort James Corp $100
8/12/00 Feld, Dennis Green Bay, WI Feld Properties $100
4/1/99 Finco, Susan De Pere, WI Leonard & Finco $100
7/15/00 Finco, Susan De Pere, WI Leonard & Finco $100
9/22/99 Fleck, Alfred De Pere, WI Selmer Co $200
7/6/00 Fleck, Alfred De Pere, WI Selmer Co $100
4/16/99 Franklin, Lowell De Pere, WI No Employer Listed $100
7/21/00 Franklin, Wendy De Pere, WI Prographics $180
3/24/99 Frigo, Leo De Pere, WI Retired $100
11/7/99 Frigo, Leo De Pere, WI Retired $40
7/7/00 Frigo, Leo De Pere, WI Retired $200
12/10/99 Gallagher, Robert Green Bay, WI Associated Bank $100
7/21/00 Gallagher, Robert Green Bay, WI Associated Bank $100
9/19/99 Gannon, Thomas Green Bay, WI Schneider National $150
12/15/99 Ganoni, Gerald Green Bay, WI Humana/Employers Health $120
8/4/99 Gantz, Thomas Wisconsin Dells, WI Noah's Ark Water Park $100
8/4/99 Gasser, Brent Lake Delton, WI DL Gasser Construction $100
8/4/99 Gasser, DL Lake Delton, WI DL Gasser Construction $100
7/11/00 Gruenberg, Cindy Green Bay, WI No Employer Listed $100
7/27/00 Gryboski, Robert Green Bay, WI Gryboski Quality Home Builder $200
7/27/00 Gryboski, Steven Green Bay, WI Gryboski Quality Home Builder $100
9/23/99 Hammer, Susan De Pere, WI ERA Titletown $100
3/29/99 Harris, Peter Green Bay, WI Foth & Van Dyke $100
9/7/00 Heinlein, Brett Muskego, WI LaFarge Corp $200
8/4/99 Helland, Stanton Jr Baraboo, WI Riverview Boat Lines $100
7/19/00 Hendricks, Donna Green Bay, WI RG Hendricks Concrete Construction $100
7/9/00 Hendrickson, Elizabeth Green Bay, WI Krueger International $250
3/24/99 Hendrickson, Philip Green Bay, WI Krueger International $200
11/9/99 Hendrickson, Philip Green Bay, WI Krueger International $40
7/9/00 Hendrickson, Phillip Green Bay, WI Krueger International $250
4/1/99 Hoida, Don De Pere, WI Hoida Lumber & Components $100
10/11/00 Hougard, Robert Green Bay, WI Geo M Hougard & Sons $100
10/22/99 Igler, Franz Oneida, WI Anesthesiologist Associates $100
11/6/99 Imig, John South Milwaukee, WI Milwaukee Fire Dept $100
8/11/00 Immel, Gregory Green Bay, WI Howard Immel Inc $100
10/16/00 Jablonski, Ann Madison, WI Jablonski-Radkte Govt Relations $150
9/1/00 Jenkins, Cindy Chattanooga, TN Venture Services Inc $100
5/3/00 Joachim, Frederick Green Bay, WI Fort James Corp $200
7/30/00 Johnson, Randall Green Bay, WI Wisconsin Public Service Corp $50
10/23/00 Johnson, Randall Green Bay, WI Wisconsin Public Service Corp $50
3/26/99 Johnson, Richard Green Bay, WI Shinners, Hucovski & Co $100
7/11/00 Johnson, Richard Green Bay, WI No Employer Listed $100
10/23/00 Johnson, Richard Sheboygan, WI Wisconsin Public Service Corp $25
9/1/00 Jones, Allen Cleveland, TN Check into Cash Inc $300
10/14/00 Karau, Jerry Green Bay, WI Settle Inn $300
11/2/99 Kasper, Mark Green Bay, WI No Employer Listed $100
11/19/00 Kaufman, Joseph Combined Locks, WI US Oil Co $50
5/3/00 Kaufman, Joseph G Combined Locks, WI US Oil Co $100
11/15/99 Keating, Kathleen Appleton, WI Time Warner Cable $100
7/7/00 Kendle, Paul Green Bay, WI Norwest Bank $100
3/21/99 Kendle, Paul D Green Bay, WI Norwest Bank $100
10/20/00 Kennedy, Timothy Green Bay, WI Physician $100
7/7/00 Klunk, Walter Green Bay, WI First Northern Savings Bank $100
11/5/99 Koehler, Thomas Green Bay, WI Aurora Health Care Systems $100
10/28/99 Komp, Thomas Suamico, WI Bay Area Foot Clinic $100
6/30/00 Krammer, Jay Green Bay, WI Accountant $100
4/25/00 Kresge, Dean Stoughton, WI Dean Medical Center $250
7/14/00 Kress, James Green Bay, WI Green Bay Packaging $200
10/25/99 Kroening, Dick Green Bay, WI Biz-Mark Inc $100
10/13/00 Krull, Gary Green Bay, WI Country Express $100
11/19/00 Krull, Gary Green Bay, WI Country Express $50
3/31/99 Krusic, Ray Green Bay, WI Merrill Lynch $100
7/14/00 Krusic, Ray Green Bay, WI Merrill Lynch $150
4/19/99 Kuehn, Kevin Green Bay, WI Kuehn Printing $100
4/29/99 Kuehne, Carl Green Bay, WI American Foods Group $250
11/8/99 Kuehne, Carl De Pere, WI American Foods Group $40
6/15/00 Kuehne, Carl De Pere, WI American Foods Group $30
7/1/00 Kuehne, Carl De Pere, WI American Foods Group $100
7/3/00 Kuehne, Mary Ellen De Pere, WI American Foods Group $400
9/18/00 Kull, Daniel Aurora, OH Southdown Inc $100
7/27/00 Kwaterski, Mark Oneida, WI Kwaterski Construction Inc $100
10/27/99 LeMieux, Bob Green Bay, WI LeMieux & Son Toyota $100
10/26/99 Lemieux, Robert Green Bay, WI LeMieux & Son Toyota $100
7/11/00 Lenz, Ann Green Bay, WI Gordon Lenz & Associates $150
7/27/00 Lenz, Ann Green Bay, WI Gordon Lenz & Associates $325
10/22/99 Lenz, Gorden Green Bay, WI Gordon Lenz & Associates $100
11/19/99 Lenz, Gorden Green Bay, WI Gordon Lenz & Associates $250
3/24/99 Lenz, Gordon Green Bay, WI Gordon Lenz & Associates $100
9/1/00 Lenz, Jim Little Suamico, WI Gordon Lenz & Associates $100
4/12/99 Lindemann, Kenneth Green Bay, WI No Employer Listed $100
9/2/00 Loberger, John Green Bay, WI Loberger Construction $100
7/3/00 Long, Darlene De Pere, WI Imperial Inc $500
7/6/00 Long, Donald J Jr Green Bay, WI Century Drill & Tool $250
7/3/00 Long, Donald J Sr De Pere, WI Imperial Inc $500
5/10/00 Lotto, Mike Greenleaf, WI Lotto Homes $50
7/27/00 Lotto, Mike Greenleaf, WI Lotto Homes $100
8/4/00 Lotto, Mike Greenleaf, WI Lotto Homes $50
4/17/00 Lucas, Patricia Pewaukee, WI Miller Brewing $100
8/4/99 Lucke, Tom Wisconsin Dells, WI Riviera Motel $100
11/2/00 Lueck, Larry Green Bay, WI Northeast Telephone Co $100
4/20/99 Lutsey, Thomas Green Bay, WI Ace Baking Co $200
3/23/99 Macco, Harry De Pere, WI Hillcrest Properties Ltd $200
10/24/99 Macco, Harry De Pere, WI Hillcrest Properties Ltd $200
7/8/00 Macco, Harry De Pere, WI Hillcrest Properties Ltd $100
12/15/99 Madden, Mike Appleton, WI Humana/Employers Health $190
10/22/99 Madigan, James Green Bay, WI FEECA International Inc $100
10/23/00 Madison, Brandon Washburn, WI Bear hunter $100
3/24/99 Mannering, Dennis Green Bay, WI Options Unlimited Inc $100
11/11/99 Mannering, Dennis Green Bay, WI Options Unlimited Inc $40
11/13/99 Martens, William F Green Bay, WI Fort James Corp $100
10/13/00 Matuszewski, Aaron De Pere, WI Prefinished Staining Products $150
8/3/00 McKenna, Robert De Pere, WI Murphy, Alexander & Alexander $50
11/3/00 McKenna, Robert De Pere, WI Murphy, Alexander & Alexander $50
4/15/99 Meeuwen, Michael New Franken, WI First Northern Savings Bank $100
11/26/99 Meeuwsen, Michael New Franken, WI First Northern Savings Bank $100
8/11/00 Meeuwsen, Michael New Franken, WI First Northern Savings Bank $100
4/12/99 Meintz, Thomas Green Bay, WI Wisconsin Public Service Corp $50
10/23/99 Meinz, Thomas Green Bay, WI Wisconsin Public Service Corp $100
7/8/00 Meinz, Tom Green Bay, WI Wisconsin Public Service Corp $100
11/15/99 Menacher, William Green Bay, WI No Employer Listed $100
4/18/99 Meyer, Frederick Dallas, TX Retired $200
12/15/99 Moats, John Mequon, WI Humana/Employers Health $100
12/28/99 Montgomery, Phil & Lisa Green Bay, WI Legislator $2,000
7/5/00 Murphy, Ann Green Bay, WI Murphy Development $250
4/16/99 Murphy, Patrick Green Bay, WI Murphy Development $100
10/28/99 Murphy, Patrick Green Bay, WI Murphy Development $200
8/2/00 Nagel, Judy De Pere, WI No Employer Listed $100
10/29/00 Nagy, John Hartland, WI Spancrete Industries $100
9/2/00 Nelson, Gay Green Bay, WI No Employer Listed $100
9/25/99 Nelson, William Green Bay, WI Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery Assoc $100
12/11/99 Niemiec, Richard Minneapolis, MN Atrium Health Plan $100
3/24/99 Nothstine, Charles Green Bay, WI Straubel Paper $200
7/8/00 Nothstine, Charles Green Bay, WI Straubel Paper $100
10/18/00 Nothstine, Charles Green Bay, WI Straubel Paper $100
3/25/99 Novak, Charlie Kewaunee, WI Novak Insurance $100
3/31/99 OBrien, Robert Green Bay, WI No Employer Listed $100
11/6/99 Olejniczak, Thomas De Pere, WI Liebmann, Conway, et al $100
7/24/00 Olejniczak, Thomas De Pere, WI Liebmann, Conway, et al $100
3/31/99 Olejniczak, Tom De Pere, WI Liebmann, Conway, et al $200
7/14/00 Olmstead, Sue Green Bay, WI EDS $200
9/2/00 Oremus, James Bridgeview, IL Dixon-Marquette Cement Co $200
7/27/00 Pahl, James De Pere, WI Pahl Quality Windows & Doors $350
4/16/99 Pahl, Jim De Pere, WI Pahl Quality Windows & Doors $150
7/27/00 Pahl, Sue De Pere, WI Pahl Quality Windows & Doors $50
8/5/00 Pahl, Sue De Pere, WI Pahl Quality Windows & Doors $100
8/11/00 Pamperin, Dan Green Bay, WI Stadium Shell $200
4/12/00 Panger, Steve Superior, WI Superior Fire Dept $100
9/11/99 Pasqualucci, Elaine Green Bay, WI ERA Titletown $100
9/23/99 Patterson, Cynthia Luxemburg, WI Realtor $100
8/7/00 Photenhauer, Charlotte Green Bay, WI Photenhauer Construction $100
6/4/00 Pierre, William Green Bay, WI Optometrist $100
10/5/00 Platten, Peter III Green Bay, WI M&I Bank Northeast $300
7/23/00 Podany, Judy Green Bay, WI Homemaker $500
7/30/00 Quinn, Dale Green Bay, WI Wisconsin Public Service Corp $50
10/23/00 Quinn, Dale Green Bay, WI Wisconsin Public Service Corp $100
10/13/00 Quinnette, Paul Greenleaf, WI Paul's Trailer & RV Center $100
3/25/99 Reines, Peter Green Bay, WI Builders Supply of NE Wisconsin $100
4/12/00 Reinke, Chris West Allis, WI West Allis Fire Dept $100
8/4/99 Renner, John Wisconsin Dells, WI No Employer Listed $100
9/14/99 Richardson, Gerald Green Bay, WI No Employer Listed $100
7/3/00 Richardson, Gerald Green Bay, WI No Employer Listed $100
11/2/00 Riordan, Ray Monona, WI Wisconsin State Telecommunications Assn $100
11/2/00 Riordan, Robert Green Bay, WI Northeast Telephone Co $200
9/1/00 Roseneasser, David De Pere, WI Promotional Management Inc $100
10/22/99 Rosenwasser, David De Pere, WI Promotional Management Inc $200
8/6/00 Rosenwasser, David De Pere, WI Promotional Management Inc $100
8/8/00 Ryan, Sean Green Bay, WI No Employer Listed $100
12/27/99 Sadoff, Ronald Fond du Lac, WI Badger Liquor $500
11/2/99 Schierl, Paul Green Bay, WI Cornerstone Foundation $200
10/18/00 Schierl, Paul Green Bay, WI Cornerstone Foundation $250
3/26/99 Schinkten, Joe De Pere, WI Ryan Funeral Home $100
11/11/99 Schinkten, Joe De Pere, WI Ryan Funeral Home $40
7/17/00 Schinkten, Joe De Pere, WI Ryan Funeral Home $200
10/24/99 Schinkten, Joseph De Pere, WI Ryan Funeral Home $100
7/8/99 Schmus, William Brookfield, WI Miller Brewing $100
3/28/99 Schneider, Don Green Bay, WI Schneider National $200
11/11/99 Schneider, Donald Green Bay, WI Schneider National $100
7/30/00 Schrickel, Patrick Green Bay, WI Wisconsin Public Service Corp $50
10/23/00 Schrickel, Patrick Green Bay, WI Wisconsin Public Service Corp $50
10/6/99 Seidl, Stephen Green Bay, WI ERA Titletown $100
7/8/00 Seidl, Stephen Green Bay, WI ERA Titletown $200
4/15/99 Shaline, John Green Bay, WI Total Service Development $200
7/27/00 Shaline, John Green Bay, WI Total Service Development $100
3/30/99 Solberg, Trig Minocqua, WI TA Solberg Co $100
9/1/00 Staudenmeier, Luke Sturgeon Bay, WI Chiropractor $250
12/10/99 Stern, William Shawano, WI Optometrist $100
7/15/00 Stock, KC Green Bay, WI Stock Lumber $100
7/8/00 Struebing, Sue Green Bay, WI Van Boxtel Ford AMC $500
10/22/99 Summerside, Paul Green Bay, WI Physician $100
7/20/00 Taylor, David Green Bay, WI No Employer Listed $100
11/2/00 Thayse, Arlen Green Bay, WI Northeast Telephone Co $100
11/6/99 Thomas, Lewis Muskego, WI Greenfield Fire Dept $100
8/1/00 Todey, Sue Green Bay, WI No Employer Listed $100
8/8/00 Trofka, Verona De Pere, WI Hillcrest Properties Ltd $100
3/25/99 Van Boxtel, EA Green Bay, WI Van Boxtel Ford AMC $200
10/22/99 Van Boxtel, EA De Pere, WI Van Boxtel Ford AMC $200
8/5/00 Van Boxtel, EA De Pere, WI Van Boxtel Ford AMC $100
6/24/00 Van Drasek, Thomas Green Bay, WI Thomas & Associates $100
4/19/99 Van Drasek, Tom Green Bay, WI Thomas & Associates $100
11/25/99 Verhagen, Tom Kaukauna, WI Larry's Markets $100
8/26/00 Verhagen, Tom Kaukauna, WI Larry's Markets $200
10/24/99 Walczyk, Robert J Jr Green Bay, WI Proko-Wall Funeral Home $100
3/31/99 Ward, William Green Bay, WI Procter & Gamble $100
11/19/99 Ward, William Green Bay, WI Procter & Gamble $50
7/5/00 Ward, William Green Bay, WI Procter & Gamble $100
10/16/00 Watson, Diane Green Bay, WI Stadium View Sports Bar & Grill $100
11/15/99 Watson, Jerry Green Bay, WI Stadium View Sports Bar & Grill $378
9/1/00 Webber, Deborah Sister Bay, WI Chiropractor $200
10/27/00 Weyers, Colleen Green Bay, WI American Medical Security $250
4/19/99 Weyers, Larry De Pere, WI Wisconsin Public Service Corp $50
11/15/99 Weyers, Larry De Pere, WI Wisconsin Public Service Corp $50
7/30/00 Weyers, Larry De Pere, WI Wisconsin Public Service Corp $100
10/27/00 Weyers, Ronald Green Bay, WI American Medical Security $250
9/23/99 Wickman, Michael Green Bay, WI Information Managment Corp $250
9/14/99 Wied, Christine Green Bay, WI No Employer Listed $100
10/12/00 Wier, Mike De Pere, WI Krolls Restaurant $500
7/26/00 Williams, Lori Green Bay, WI No Employer Listed $100
11/15/99 Williams, Mark Green Bay, WI No Employer Listed $100
11/18/99 Woeldt, Rick Green Bay, WI Razz Ma Tazz $190
8/4/99 Wolf, Bruce Green Bay, WI Rock Garden Supper Club Restaurant $50
10/18/99 Wolf, Bruce Green Bay, WI Rock Garden Supper Club Restaurant $10
10/25/99 Wolf, Bruce Green Bay, WI Rock Garden Supper Club Restaurant $100
11/1/99 Wolff, Michael Appleton, WI Network Health Plan $100
12/15/99 Zacharias, Tod Green Bay, WI Humana/Employers Health $100
6/11/00 Ziegelbauer, Gary Green Bay, WI Triangle Distributing Co Inc $100
6/15/00 Ziegelbauer, Gary Green Bay, WI Triangle Distributing Co Inc $75
8/8/00 Ziegelbauer, Gary Green Bay, WI Triangle Distributing Co Inc $100

Total Big Money Contributions: $39,423

Campaign 2000

PAC and Political Committee Contributions* to:
Phil Montgomery (R) - Assembly District 4

January 1, 1999 through December 31, 2000

PAC Interest Amount
Council of Auto & Truck Retailers Transportation $500.00
Friends & Neighbors of John Gard Political/Ideological $500.00
Realtors PAC Real Estate $500.00
Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Insurance $500.00
WI Restaurant Assn PAC Tourism/Leisure/Entertainment $500.00
Banc One WI PAC Banking & Finance $450.00
WI Insurance & Financial Advisors/LUPAC Insurance $400.00
FONEPAC Telecommunications & Computers $400.00
Local Candidate(s) Political/Ideological $359.49
American Medical Security PAC Insurance $350.00
International Paper/Ft James/Ft Howard Natural Resources $250.00
ABCPAC-WIS Construction $250.00
Metro Milwaukee Association of Commerce Business $250.00
WI Credit Union Leg Action Banking & Finance $250.00
WI Physicians PAC Health Professionals $200.00
Verizon Good Government Club (formerly GTE) Telecommunications & Computers $200.00
Aid Association for Lutherans PAC Insurance $200.00
WI Public Service PAC Energy $200.00
WI Bankers Association PAC Banking & Finance $200.00
AT&T PAC - WI Telecommunications & Computers $200.00
Union Pacific Effective Govt Transportation $150.00
Ameritech WI State PAC Telecommunications & Computers $100.00
Aventis Pharmaceuticals/Rhone-Poulenc Rorer Inc Health Services/Institutions $100.00
M&I Political Awareness Fund Banking & Finance $100.00
WI Mortgage Bankers Assn Banking & Finance $100.00
Northern States Power Co Energy $100.00
Healthy Wisconsin/Friends of Health & Hospitals Health Services/Institutions $100.00
WALA-PAC (WI Assisted Living) Health Services/Institutions $100.00
Concerned Business & Industry Business $100.00

Total PAC and Political Committee Contributions: $ 7,609.49

*Any returned contributions excluded.